Theories On Criminals

Although there are several theorists that have tried to discover the reasoning as to why people become criminals. Each theorist has different theories explaining criminal behavior. There is the anomie theory or innovative adaptation. This explains that those with criminal behavior have a condition when behavioral expectations are unknown, undefined, or in conflict (Champion, 2008). This theory is accredited to Robert King Morton, however was originally proposed by the French sociologist Mile Druthers (1858-1917) (Champion, 2008).Morton implies that people either accept or reject goals of society, and they accept or reject means to accomplish those goals (Champion, 2008). Psychological theories address the individual's behavior through trying to explain the inner workings of the mind (Champion, 2008). One theory that tries to explain the how the mind of a criminal works is the social learning theory. Social learning theorists such as Albert Bandeau, Walter Michel, and Richard Walters suggest that criminals are formed by modeling criminal behavior after other criminals (Siegel & Welsh, 2012).Biological theories explain criminal behavior through abnormal physical structure, hereditary criminal behaviors, and biochemical disturbances (Champion, 2008). In 1957, David Matzo and Gresham Sykes set out to teach others about their theory of naturalization among Juvenile delinquents (David Matzo, 2009). Naturalization theory is actually a technique that allows an offender to rationalize their criminal act (David Matzo, 2009). Youths that fall under this theory will consider them responsible for the crime, deny there were any injuries or victims, and blame the victim(s) for the offender's actions.

Bless You and Various School Activities Essay

We have gathered here today to bid farewell to the students of standard 10th. I am indeed honoured to be given this opportunity to represent the students of standard 9th. Just when we start to get comfortable with a person, something comes to alter the recipe. In this context, I would like to mention that for the past few months, the students of standards 9th and 10th have indeed worked very closely together to organise various school activities which has helped us forge close ties of friendship. And now, before we know, its time to say ‘Adieu’. The Bible says â€Å"To everything there is a reasonand a time to every purpose under heaven† May I take the liberty to give you a piece of advice? Life is series of events, both good and bad. No matter how deft your organizational skills, there will always be life influencing factors over which you may have no control. As you embark on this new stage of life, you will be able to rise to the occassion because of the values our school has taught you. On such occassions think of principles our teachers have instilled in you and make us proud. â€Å"Change indeed is painful, yet over needfull†, said Thomas Carlyle. We are going to miss you very much. We pray that God guide you and guard you, as you undertake this new and exciting journey of lifem in 11th science. A very good evening to all the respected dignitaries, teachers, my lovely seniors and friends, I Yashodhar of M. E VI sem am humbled and honored to have the opportunity to bid you farewell from your juniors. On behalf of my class, I want to congratulate every one of you on your successes at Global Institute Of Technology & Management. It seems like just the other day when we were all talking about our senior’s farewell as they move on. I remember thinking that it would be hard to say goodbye †¦ and I was right – it is hard. Yet I consider myself fortunate to have met such a special person †¦ a person that we care so much about †¦ that it makes saying goodbye to them hard! As we say goodbye, we remind ourselves that farewells are not forever, nor are they the end. They are simply words to say that we will miss you dearly and that we will remember you fondly. I still remember the day when I first met my seniors and to tell the truth I was really terrified by those sweet funny things which they made me and my class fellows do. But later we all realized that it was just to increase our confidence level and to decrease the communication gap among us. And I hope that this is quite an example to demonstrate their well wishes for us. Although we may be separated by time and distance in the interim, nothing will diminish the important role that you have and always will play in our lives. We wish you happy adventures, fantastic new friendships, amazing experiences and the journey of a lifetime. Most of our life is a series of images. They pass us by like towns on the highway. But sometimes, a moment stuns us as it happens. And we know that this instant is more than a fleeting image. We know that this moment†¦ every part of it†¦ we will live on forever. In the end I would like to say that where ever you go you will remain closer to our hearts. And May you conquer new fronts in life. May God bless you with a happy successful life and I.. We have gathered here today to bid farewell to the students of standard 10th. I am indeed honoured to be given this opportunity to represent the students of standard 9th. Just when we start to get comfortable with a person, something comes to alter the recipe. In this context, I would like to mention that for the past few months, the students of standards 9th and 10th have indeed worked very closely together to organise various school activities which has helped us forge close ties of friendship. And now, before we know, its time to say ‘Adieu’. The Bible says â€Å"To everything there is a reasonand a time to every purpose under heaven† May I take the liberty to give you a piece of advice? Life is series of events, both good and bad. No matter how deft your organizational skills, there will always be life influencing factors over which you may have no control. As you embark on this new stage of life, you will be able to rise to the occassion because of the values our school has taught you. On such occassions think of principles our teachers have instilled in you and make us proud. â€Å"Change indeed is painful, yet over needfull†, said Thomas Carlyle. We are going to miss you very much. We pray that God guide you and guard you, as you undertake this new and exciting journey of lifem in 11th science. A very good evening to all the respected dignitaries, teachers, my lovely seniors and friends, I Yashodhar of M. E VI sem am humbled and honored to have the opportunity to bid you farewell from your juniors. On behalf of my class, I want to congratulate every one of you on your successes at Global Institute Of Technology ; Management. It seems like just the other day when we were all talking about our senior’s farewell as they move on. I remember thinking that it would be hard to say goodbye †¦ and I was right – it is hard. Yet I consider myself fortunate to have met such a special person †¦ a person that we care so much about †¦ that it makes saying goodbye to them hard! As we say goodbye, we remind ourselves that farewells are not forever, nor are they the end. They are simply words to say that we will miss you dearly and that we will remember you fondly. I still remember the day when I first met my seniors and to tell the truth I was really terrified by those sweet funny things which they made me and my class fellows do. But later we all realized that it was just to increase our confidence level and to decrease the communication gap among us. And I hope that this is quite an example to demonstrate their well wishes for us. Although we may be separated by time and distance in the interim, nothing will diminish the important role that you have and always will play in our lives. We wish you happy adventures, fantastic new friendships, amazing experiences and the journey of a lifetime. Most of our life is a series of images. They pass us by like towns on the highway. But sometimes, a moment stuns us as it happens. And we know that this instant is more than a fleeting image. We know that this moment†¦ every part of it†¦ we will live on forever. In the end I would like to say that where ever you go you will remain closer to our hearts. And May you conquer new fronts in life. May God bless you with a happy successful life and I..

China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China - Term Paper Example They participate actively in productive activities in the country. The infants and elderly contribute little to the national basket and are deemed as the dependant people. China will look upon the working people in order to maintain their well-being of infants and the elderly. China is experiencing a demographic pattern that is uncharacteristic of other developed countries. Unlike other countries, China’s population growth is hard to forecast. The population of the younger people is decreasing as the population of the older people increases; that is as a result of decreased mortality and fertility rates. The rate at which the community is giving birth is decreasing, this means that fewer and fewer number of infants are brought into the community. China’s average fertility rate is minimal as compared to other countries like the United States. China was able to reduce the child-bearing rate per couple from five to two children in only 25 years of campaign; that is equivalent of a third the time taken by developed western countries (Louis and Denise, 45). In the same manner, the mortality rates have greatly decreased in China meaning that the number of elderly people in the country is rising. In the past, the life  expectancy of people in Chi na was as low as forty years (Jerry and Yudelson 77). It had one of the highest mortality rates, but today the situation has improved. Within a period of fifty years the life expectancy now stands at seventy years. Western countries were able to improve their life expectancy within the same margins in a period of hundred years. From the foregoing facts and figures, it is evident that China is undergoing aging process more quickly than other developed countries (Louis and Denise, 23). The economic impacts of an aging population are detrimental. The future projection of the existing population in the year 2030 will mainly be consisting of the aged people. Typically, the elderly people are less productive for

Course journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course journal - Essay Example The internet also allows us to do homework much more easily than we were in the past because there are many resources. We can complete all of our assignments in the comfort of our own home. Facebook has allowed me to connect with so many of my old friends. Malcolm Xs the Ballot or the Bullet speech was aweinspiring. The 1960s was an amazing time period with so much happening. Pop had reached records with bands like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, John F Kennedy died after being elected, and the Civil Rights Movement concluded with a bang when Malcolm X gave his incredible speech. The people of the 1960s must have been feeling jerked around over and over again. I see the speech on video and think, how could something draw so many people and be so depressing at the same time. We have many followers of Malcolm X and many enemies witnessing his speech. I could not imagine how anyone would want to listen to something so detrimental to my future as a black person. Unfortunately, this is how things were done at that time. Incredible political history was witnessed and Malcolm X paved the way for so many changes for the black population to become what it is today, accepted and strong. Segregation was his philosophy because he knew that wh ites were not going to do anything about improving the situation if blended together. He also took on a more violent approach because he knew that no changes would be made unless some drastic measures were made. Malcolm was a pas sionate person with powerful words to convey an even more powerful message. No speech in history could compare to his speech because no movement was like the Civil Rights movement. I am not black but I could not imagine living in the society they live in dealing with the prejudice they deal with. It appeared to be a life that was so hard to deal with that I am surprised at how brave Malcolm and others like him were. It takes a very special person to

The new way for process sales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The new way for process sales - Essay Example oup-level resistance which includes resistance to change due to group norms, group cohesiveness and groupthink and escalation of commitment; as well as 3) individual-level resistance which includes resistance to change due to uncertainty and in security, selective perception and retention as well as habits (Bushman, M., 2008; George et al.). In an organization, when change threatens jobs, power or status in an organization, when threat is perceived to be so real and large, resistance can be expected. Absence of consultation before effecting change can result to negative acceptance of the proposed change. When introducing a change, it is important that it is properly communicated. Rewards and possible benefits for adopting change should be fair enough for the adjustments as well as investments involved. The common cause for resistance is the parochial self-interest. When this change deviates from the self-interest of the people involve, expect resistance to crop up. Another cause of resistance to change can be misunderstanding and lack of trust. People would usually look for hidden agenda in a change proposal. When there is misunderstanding on the objectives behind a change, increasing resistance can be observed (Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971). Another cause of resistance to change is contradictory assessments and low tolerance for change. When the proposed change conflict the assessments of the people, there is a tendency to prove that their assessment is the opposite of those proposing the change. There also people who have low tolerance for change. Once these people reach a level when they can accept change anymore, the tendency is to repel the change since they cannot take more of it (Worren et al., 1999). Other reason for resistance is when the elements of the organization feel threaten. If the elements in the organization feel that their status or security is threaten (loss of comfort, pay or status), they would naturally repel change. Another reason for

Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendment Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendment Rights - Essay Example The issue the case was whether the Fourth Amendment of U.S. constitution grants protection to individuals against unreasonable searches & seizures thus requiring police obtaining a search warrant to allow them to wiretap a public phone booth (Katz v. United States, 1967). The Miranda v Arizona (1966) is a landmark case that represents the aspect of the criminal procedures and the due processes. The defendant in the case, Miranda was arrested by police at his home and taken to a police station where the accuser identified him before later being interrogated by police for a whole two hour period resulting to him signing a written confession. Further, during his trial the written and oral confessions were provided to the jury and as result the court found the defendant guilty of rape and kidnapping hence sentenced him to a 20-30 years period imprisonment on each case account. However, Miranda appealed in the court of supreme of Arizona but the court ruled that the defendant’s constitutional rights were not infringed upon in securing his confessions (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966). The court of supreme of the United States merged four different cases with admissibility issues concerning the evidence obtained during police questionings. In the first, which involved Mr. Miranda, the defendant had been interrogated by police for two hours for charges of kidnapping and rape and although he was a migrant, the police officers failed notifying him of his rights hence resulting to him signing written confession. Moreover, the signed confessions contained a clause that, stated that the accused was aware of his rights during the interrogation as provided in the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. constitution. Therefore, in summary the issue was, whether police officers are mandated notifying the accused person in their custody of his/her rights as provided for by the Fifth Amendment

Philosophy-Explain why Aristotle is known as the commonsense Essay

Philosophy-Explain why Aristotle is known as the commonsense philosopher - Essay Example The latter group of subjects is of common interest and appeal to a wide audience. This is one reason why he is considered a common-sense philosopher. Also, during 3rd century BC, no advanced methods of logical deductions were devised yet. As a result, Aristotle had to employ simpler methods bordering on common-sense to perform his analyses. For example, with the limited analytic and scientific tools at his disposal, most of Aristotle’s writings tended to be theoretical and qualitative. This meant that they were accessible to the general audience as well. For example, his writings on science were verified or disproved using mathematical models only as late as the 16th century, for there were no proper methods for disproving the same in the interim period. Interestingly, his reputation for being a common-sense philosopher is strengthened by some of the errors of observation/assessment he made. He had famously proclaimed in his History of Animals that human males have more teeth compared to females – something that could be shown to be incorrect upon simple investigation. He perhaps based this view on the fact that males are generally stronger than females. Similarly, he asserted that a heavy object will fall faster than a light object based on common-sense and intuitive observation.

An Employee Refusal to Work Overtime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

An Employee Refusal to Work Overtime - Case Study Example In this case a company has increased the number of working hours of an employee named Gryzmisk to six hours and he has refused to accept the increase in hours and in turn the supervisor has sanctioned him to a 1 day suspension. The acceptance and rejection of the offer of increase in hours of work is dependent on mutual agreement between the employer and the employee. The employee has obtained assistance from the union and the union is backing him up in this case. During the negotiations between the union and the company the company has said that the increase in number of hours cannot be changed because it is for a specific period of time. As an arbitrator I would have provided a solution that is best in the interest of the company as well as the employee. First I would have negotiated with the employee that the extra hours are essential for the growth of the company and in turn it would even benefit the employee in the long run as these extra hours would add to the productivity of the organization and would help in the growth of the organization which will eventually help the employee. On the other hand I would have negotiated with the employers for additional benefits in the short run and in the long run for the employee. In the short run I would have asked the employers to not only pay the per hour rate to the employee, I would have asked the employer to increase the per hour rate for each extra hour worked by the employee. Secondly, I would have asked the employers to provide him certain bonus or promotion.

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

MARKETING - Essay Example The consistent general theme in the advert is financial sobriety in the young generation. The most consistent features in the advert are saving, financial education, banking choices, giving to charity, financial issues and unemployment. The advert, feed the pig, is related with the leading article. The advert encourages saving among the young generation whereas the article talks about financial issues. There is no competition for this advertisement simply because the advertisement is a government initiative. The advert is for the American young adults who are subject to financial crippling and unemployment. The advert categorically asks the reader to teach about money and encourage teens and young adults to start saving from the little they have in piggy banks or financial institutions (ADWEEK Web). This is a good investment in that ADWEEK being a national magazine covering all issues including those relating to the teens it will thus provide a basic avenue for the advert to reach the young adults and guardians. In conclusion, I find this advert very positive to the financial aspects of the young people and the entire economy. The government initiative has placed this advertisement in the right place and therefore a worthwhile endeavor. ADWEEK â€Å"CBS’. â€Å"Moonves Eyes $4 Million Super Bowl Spot Bullish network boss sees record rates for NFL gem† Web, 16 February 2012.

Container Shipping Market Essay Example for Free

Container Shipping Market Essay Savannah and Port Everglades to their joint Europe-Ecuador service to cover the Europe-South US East Coast market. The service will continue to call at the Balboa hub in both directions to allow transhipment to other ports on the West Coast of South America. The rotation will be stretched to seven weeks, using 7 x 4,1324,872 TEU Panamaxes with high reefer capacity. SITC has placed an order for two 1,800 TEU containerships, with options for six more, from Taiwanese shipyard CSBC. This is the shipbuilder’s first order from a mainland Chinese company for more than 20 years. The firm vessels are priced at $23m each, and are scheduled for delivery in late 2014. Page 2 Licensed to The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Distribution is restricted; please remember to acknowledge the source. http://www. clarksons. net 12/05/2013 09:20:16 15304 M TEU 1. 25 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-12 Jan-13 According to the Shanghai Containerised Freight Index, spot rates for boxes shipped from Shanghai to Europe fell to th $940/TEU on the 12 April, their lowest level since February last year and a 34% fall since mid-March, as the ains made by the last round of general rate increases proved short-lived. As a result of this market weakness, a number of carriers including Maersk Line and Hapag-Lloyd have postponed a second round of rate increases originally scheduled for mid-April. They will now be implemented during May. Elsewhere, freight rates for boxes shipped from Shanghai to the West Coast of America stood at $2,226/FEU, 3% below the full year 2012 average, and 11% below the January 2013 peak of $2,520/FEU. Clarkson Research Services Striking dockworkers at the Kwai Tsing Container Terminals in the port of Hong Kong caused significant disruption to a large number of liner services. Vessels faced 2-3 day berthing delays, while over 100,000 TEU of cargo was reportedly stuck on the quayside. Major carriers cancelled calls and diverted ships to other Pearl River ports such as Chiwan and Shekou, with shippers forced to tranship inbound cargo back to Hong Kong on Feeder vessels. March’s container throughput of 1. 88m TEU at the port represented an 8. 6% y-o-y decrease, yet the strike disruption is likely to affect April’s box handling volumes even more severely. Maersk Line is to increase the capacity of its India-Middle EastUS East Coast service with the replacement of 7 x 4,800 Panamax vessels with eight ships of 6,500 TEU the service turning in eight rather than seven weeks. An additional call at Algeciras will be made in both directions, while there will also be a degree of further slow steaming. The newly deployed vessels are expected to be reflagged to the US flag in order MSC is to launch a Far East-East Coast South America service using 11 x 3,000-5,000 TEU ships. The vessels include a number of Panamaxes reportedly chartered in at very low rates. The eleven week rotation will include a call in Port Elizabeth on the return leg with the first sailing is scheduled from Shanghai on the th 18 April. UASC is to enter the Far East-West Coast North America trade for the first time after agreeing to cooperate with CSCL on three separate Transpacific services. The Kuwaitheadquartered carrier will provide two Panamaxes for a service that calls in Seattle and Vancouver, and three for a Nansha-Los Angeles service. Idle Containership Fleet 12% 9% 6% 3% 0% Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 % of total fleet capacity, TEU Source: CRSL, AXS Licensed to The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Distribution is restricted; please remember to acknowledge the source. http://www. clarksons. net 12/05/2013 09:20:16 15304 According to data reported by Alphaliner, the total containership capacity in lay-up reached 0. 83m TEU on th 25 March, with 269 vessels sitting idle. This is equivalent to 5. 1% of the fleet in terms of capacity. Over Q1 2013 the proportion of total capacity in lay-up fluctuated between 4. 6% and 5. 3%, while across full year 2012 an average of 4. 1% of capacity was idle. Briskly expanding consumer demand in emerging economies should promote strong development of North-South trades, which are projected to grow by 6. 0% this year. Meanwhile, intra-regional trade is expected to grow by 7. 6% in full year 2013, with intra-Asian trade growth remaining the powerhouse. Global container capable supply growth is expected to be broadly in balance with global demand growth in 2013. Carriers will continue to dampen actual running capacity growth on the mainlanes in an effort to support freight rates. Managing the capacity cascade will remain rucial in determining trade lane supply, while further slow steaming may continue to absorb some of the capacity growth. However, the volume of idle tonnage is likely to continue to supress earnings in the charter market. Meanwhile, demolition remains at elevated levels. In conjunction with the paucity of ordering, this rapid rate of scrapping has resulted in a shrinking fleet in the smaller size sectors. Overall, while supp ly growth may accelerate slightly this year, the orderbook schedule for 2014+ delivery still looks relatively thin.

A Tourism Comparison Of Malaysia

A Tourism Comparison Of Malaysia Using various websites / internet sources, compare Malaysias performance with Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia. Malaysia made up of Peninsular Malaysia and two states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia is separated from Sabah and Sarawak by the South China Sea. In the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia lies Thailand and in the south, neighbouring Singapore. Sabah and Sarawak are bounded by Indonesia while Sarawak also shares borders with Brunei. Malaysia Tourism Report provides industry professionals and strategists, corporate analysts, tourism associations, government departments and regulatory bodies with independent forecasts and competitive intelligence on Malaysias tourism industry. Tourism Sector Tourist shows the robust performance. Looking at the most recent data from Immigration Department, the country welcomed 15.38mn tourists over the January-August 2009 period, which means an increase of 4.4% year on year. August itself was a particularly strong month with tourist arrivals up by 10.4% at 2.03mn. Although the major contributors to the economy profile in Malaysia are manufacturing and primary commodities, but travel and tourism has a highly important part of the Malaysian economy too. The tourism accommodation and air transportation sectors have growth. For example, AirAsia, the countrys premium low cost carrier, has expanded its operations and now offers many more routes within and outside the country and is regarded as a significant regional player. The hotel segment has been growing particularly rapidly, with the popularity of top-end boutique hotels continuing to increase. This can testify by Malaysia has gain the tourism awards 2008/2009 at the PICC, Putrajaya on 9 Jan 2010 from hon. deputy prime minister of Malaysia, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Hj Mohd Yassin. Not only that, The premier awards and merit awards got innovation homestay, innovative tourist attraction, innovative tour programme, best foreign tour operator, best tourism guide and hotel services, innovative restaurant and tourism publication. The Malaysian tourism will continues to grow rapidly because the government have hold many progress to promote tourism, For example one of Malaysia programme used to promote tourism is My Second Home, which is organised and launched by the Malaysian Government to allow foreigners who fulfil certain criteria to stay in Malaysia for as long as possible on a multiple-entry social visit pass. This could encourage them to stay in Malaysia. And the benefits are the social visit pass is initially for a period of ten years and is renewable. The promotion of education tourism also continues to be expanded to the development of Malaysia as a preferred destination for international students. The project foreign exchange earnings are estimated at RM 900 Million by 2010. Not only that, The Minister of Health, Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai, said that health tourism generated about US$85mn in revenue in 2008 and treated 370,000 foreign patients. Focus on Health Tourism in June 2009, state news agency Bernama reported that the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board is embarking on a three year project seeks to increase the number of people visiting the country for medical treatment. Have a preferred medical tourism destination and politically stable, Malaysia has become a more profitable tourism industry. As a visitor to Malaysia, they can have the opportunity to experience and appreciate its rich historic and cultural heritage, exotic culinary delights, shopping splendours, nature-based adventures and fun-filled activities. The enjoyable and hospitable nature of its people will make the foreigner come to Malaysia. Thailand Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia are important sources of visitors for Malaysia. By contraries, Malaysia, Japan, and Korea are the important destinations from where the large amounts of visitors come to Thailand. Apart from ASEAN countries, tourist arrivals from China and India will remain influential throughout the forecast period (2007-2011). Thailand its shape and geography divide into four natural regions; the mountains and forests of the North; the vast rice fields of the Central Plains; the semi-arid farm lands of the Northeast plateau; and the tropical islands and long coastline of the peninsula south. Bangkok is the capital city and centre of political, commercial, industrial and cultural activities. It is also the seat of Thailands revered Royal Family. Tourism is a major economic factor in Thailand, its contributing an estimated 6.7% to Thailands GDP in 2007. It is also expected that inbound tourist expenditure per head will increase by around 10.49% in 2011 as compared to 2006. The Thai tourism industry is projected to end the year with a total of 13.8 million international visitor arrivals in 2006. Revenue earnings from tourism are now projected at 486 billion baht. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has targeted 14.8 million international visitor arrivals in 2007 with estimated target revenues of 547.5 billion baht. Unfortunately, H1N1 incident make reflect on Thai tourism industry in 2009 decrease, further discouraged visitor arrivals. Tourist arrivals have fallen sharply in the first half of 2009. Figures released by the Office of Tourism Development (OTD) showed that tourist arrivals fell by 16.2% year on year to arrivals of only 6.6mn. This followed a decline of 2% as a whole, with Thailand being one of the first countries with affected by the global economic downturn. But these tribulations no daunt to Thailand, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has worked hard to overcome difficulties and obstacles and bring forward the prosperity of Thailands tourism to meet international standards. Until now, Thailand has gained popularity from tourists all over the world for its quality and variety of tourist attractions. Thailand is also regarded as the premier shopping venue and ranked the topmost value-for-money tourist destination. Besides attracting more quality international tourists to visit Thailand, the TAT has also promoting tourism by conduct many campaigns to attract tourist. For an example, Thailand has been promoting its healthcare tourism, where it is providing the visitors with private healthcare facilities. It is expected that the tourist arrival for the purpose of medical treatment will reach two Million by 2010. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) is now preparing for the 8th Thailand Tourism Awards 2010, which aims to promote and sustain the Thai tourism industry with an international standard. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) will host the 8th Thailand Tourism Awards 2010, which aims to promote and sustain international standards in the Thai tourism industry. The Thailand Tourism Awards helps ensure Thailands popularity as well as increase credibility among both domestic and international tourists. Thailand Tourism Awards project was initiated by TAT since 1996. The awards are divided into five categories including Tourist Attractions, Tourist Accommodation, Tour Programmes, Tourism Development and Promotion Organisations and Medical Tourism. Singapore The Republic of Singapore is an independent nation in Southeast Asia. Located at the tip of the Malay Peninsula, separated only by the narrow Strait of Johor from the mainland, it is a prosperous nation whose people enjoy one of the highest standards of living in Asia. Singapore may be small, but packs in quite a punch. It is Only about 655 square kilometers in area, it is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, with about 6430 people per square kilometer. Although it is one of the 20 smallest countries in the world, its economy is a world leader. Singapore is a vibrant and colourful city where one can find a harmonious blend of culture, cuisine, art and architecture. And tourism in Singapore is a major industry and attracts millions of tourists each year. Singapore has always been his charming tropical scenery and hospitality and attracted visitors from all over the world tourists. Singapore is one of the most visiting tourist destinations in the world. It offers numerous travel attractions, natural as well as man-made marvels. Its cultural attraction can be attributed to its cultural diversity that reflects its colonial history and Chinese, Malay, Indian and Arab ethnicities. It is also environmentally friendly, and maintains natural and heritage conservation programs. Tourism is one of the largest service sectors of Singapore. As of 2009, the tourism industry was estimated to reach S$6.4 billion and visitor arrivals to Singapore reached 4.5 million. This clearly shows the important role tourism industry plays in Singapores economy. And the country performance is Tourism receipts from visitors from Hong Kong (+11.3%) registered growth from January to June 2009. Visitor arrivals from Vietnam (+13.4%), the Philippines (+3.0%), Malaysia (+1.8%) and Germany (+1.3%) registered growth in the first half of 2009 versus the same period last year. In additions, Singapore is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Asia-Pacific region and the tourism industry in Singapore is growing very rapidly for the past several years. This is because strengthening by the infrastructure developments, various events and the countries strategic location in the heart of region. And the projected ranges for 2009 full-year tourism receipts and visitor arrivals of S$12.0 to S$12.5 billion and 9.0 to 9.5 million respectively remain unchanged, with travellers expected to stay cautious as uncertainties continue around Influenza A(H1N1-2009) and the general economic environment. Indonesia About the performance tourism in Indonesia, Tourism is an important component of the Indonesian economy as well as a significant source of foreign exchange revenues. With a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, the second longest shoreline in the world, over 700 languages and tropical climate, nature and culture are both major components of Indonesian tourism. The number of tourist arrivals in Indonesia in the first half of 2009 rose 2.61 percent to 2.97 million from the same period last year, a tourist official said. Indonesia tourist arrivals rose in 2009 but spending declined. More foreign tourists visited Indonesia last year than in 2008, but they spent less, resulting in a sharp decline in total tourism revenue, In June 2009 alone, the number of tourist arrivals rose 4.06 percent from a year earlier, Domestic Promotion Director at the Culture and Tourism Ministry Fathul Bahri said. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) show the number of foreign tourist arrivals in Indonesia in June 2009 reached around 550,600, up 4.07 percent from June 2008, or 5.53 percent from May 2009. The number of foreign tourist arrivals through the country`s 11 main entry gates in June 2009 went up 4.95 percent to 466,900 from 444,900 in June 2008. The figure is promising now that the number of tourist arrivals in neighboring Malaysia and Singapore recorded negative growth, he said. In addition, he remained optimistic that the country would be able to achieve its tourist arrival target of 6.5 million for 2009. However, tourism development had sometimes clashed with local people, they have created criticism over Indonesias tourism industry. Most of the disputes were related over land possession, local traditions and the impact of tourism development to the local people. In another area, tourism industry in Indonesia faces major threats. Since 2002, several warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic or religious conflicts in some areas, which significantly reduce the number of foreign visitors. Visit Indonesia is a good program but it lacks proper implementation which is said by Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa, an economist from state-owned PT Danareksa Sekuritas. After comparison with Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia, the conclusion can made is Malaysia has better performance that the three country. Like compare to Indonesia, it miss their target that set before and still lags far behind its smaller neighbours in terms of tourist numbers. Malaysia is welcomed 15.38 million foreign tourists during the first eight months of 2009 alone, while Singapore saw 4.51 million tourist arrivals in the first half the year. However, these three country also have their own strategic or technique to retrieval the tourism or to promote their tourism more. Planning is importing, lacking a more effective long-term strategy, the countrys tourism would likely only grow in line with the global economy.

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretskes Theory of :: Psychology Dretske Papers

Identity Conditions for Indicator State Types within Dretske's Theory of Psychological Content Naturalization ABSTRACT: Within the context of Dretske’s theory of psychological content naturalization, as laid out in Explaining Behavior, the concept of an indicator state type plays a pivotal role. Providing a general (and non-circular) description of the identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type is a prerequisite for the ultimate success of Dretske’s theory. However, Dretske fails to address this topic. Thus, his theory is incomplete. Several different approaches for specifying these identity conditions are possible; however, each is inadequate. Of the various theories for psychological content naturalization put forward within the past two decades, I believe that a Dretske-style approach that explains the content of a mental state in terms of the causal history of past tokens of that state holds out the most promise of giving us a workable theory describing the role that content plays in learned behavior. While I favor this general approach, the particular theory laid out by Dretske in Explaining Behavior has a shortcoming that must be addressed before his theory can be applied to real systems: Dretske fails to provide an analysis of identity conditions for being a token of an indicator state type. The shortcoming is serious because of the critical role that past tokens of an indicator type play in fixing the content of a current token of the indicator type — without identity conditions, there is no way to specify which previously tokened states among the many that have been instantiated during the learning period of the organism are of that indicator type. I begin with a very brief review of Dretske's theory from Explaining Behavior. Some organisms possess indicator states (i.e., internal states that indicate whether some external conditions hold). For example, organism O may token an instance of I (the internal indicator state type) whenever external conditions F obtain. Prior to learning, I indicates F does not mean F. Let's suppose that external conditions F are relevant in some manner to O's continued functioning, perhaps because environments in which F obtains are environments that are relatively inhospitable for O. Let's also suppose that O is capable of learning using reinforcement information (via operant conditioning), such that future tokenings of I come to cause movements that are appropriate to conditions F. (My use the evaluative term "appropriate" here rests on two assumptions: (1)

College or University Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commence

Members of the faculty, parents, guests, and graduates, have no fear. I am well aware that on a day of such high excitement, what you require, first and foremost, of any speaker is brevity. I shall not fail you in this respect. When we arrived at State College, all was new to us and we walked around looking up at everything in awe. As we have been preparing to leave, we were given the chance to see State College from the top of the tallest building, looking down on everything with nostalgic familiarity—inspecting the tiny people that bring State College to life, trying to imagine the countless buses we squeezed to get on, and the hours spent talking to friends. State College has meant something different to each of us, the good, the basketball. The thing about State College is that everyone is so excited to be here that the energy is palpable. There is a vibrancy and newness and sense of possibility, that carries us as students, motivates you as teachers and staff, and makes an impression on those watching us—and indeed we know there are many people watching us, looking out for the good, the bad, the basketball. We are a community diverse in thought and background: the kind of terrain that is never easy to navigate. Take it from my own experience, as I have spent my whole life learning to walk through such terrains—through countries, and communities, and schools that are divided and diverse and marked by difference—so I know how challenging and uncomfortable and sometimes exhausting that process can be—but I also know that it is remarkably rewarding, and powerful, but most of all, necessary. I know that graduation speeches are notorious for trying to impart grand messages on a sea of overwhelmed and overheated people, ... ...moment since we were born. When we left for college, they knew that we were still kids at heart. Now they look at the young men and women we’ve become and find themselves as speechless as we are. For lack of words, just turn around and blow your parents a kiss, give them a wave; it’s Mother’s Day after all, and they know the gratitude and love that these simple gestures mean today. Our families held us up when we were learning to walk, while we were learning to become adults, and amidst the uncertainties of moving on, they once again become our ground and the arms that keep us steady. The best friends we’ve made have become our family too and they will be with us through this uncertainty and others. For now, savor the goodbyes and welcome the new beginnings and remember that four years ago, we were doing the same exact thing—and everything has turned out fine.

Feminist Perspective of Paulina in Shakespeares The Winters Tale Ess

A Feminist Perspective of Paulina in The Winter's Tale  Ã‚     Ã‚   Feminist criticism explores gender themes in literature, assesses the worth of female characters, promotes unknown women writers, and interprets the canon from a politically-charged perspective. Shakespeare has proven more difficult to categorize than other white male masters of the written word, precisely because of the humanity of his female characters. Critic Kathleen McLuskie urges feminists to "assert the power of resistance, subverting rather than co-opting the domination of the patriarchal Bard" (McLuskie 106). Yet many feminists find strength in Shakespeare. Irene Dash, for instance, proclaims that "Shakespeare's women characters testify to his genius .... they learn the meaning of self sovereignty for a woman in a patriarchal society" (Dash 1). Paulina of The Winter's Tale provides support for Dash's argument. With courage and passion, Paulina defends Hermione against chauvinistic paranoia and enshrines female virtue.    Perhaps the best testimony to Paulina's power is the historical reaction of male critics. In 1733, editor Lewis Theobald condemned Paulina as "too gross and blunt" for daring to call the King "downright a Fool" (Dash 135). In 1863, scholar Charles Cowden Clarke whined that Pauline was excessive: "... she does play the tattoo upon his skull with amazing vivacity  ­ and after he is down, too .... Paulina cannot forego the gratification of punching him in his maundering distress" (Clarke 356). In 1969, Fitzroy Pyle acknowledged Paulina's "goodness" but applied the label "militant" (Pyle 41).    With a similar sentiment but more blatantly hostile language, the fictional King Leontes abuses his adversary Paulina with sexist insults... ...ti. Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987    Dash, Irene. Wooing, Wedding, and Power: Women in Shakespeare's Plays. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981    McLuskie, Kathleen. "The Patriarchal Bard: Feminist Criticism and Shakespeare." Political Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield, editors. London: Cornell Univ. Press, 1985    Neeley, Carol Thomas. "The Winter's Tale: Women and Issue" (1985).   Reprinted in the Signet Classic Edition of The Winter's Tale. New York: Penguin, 1988.    Pyle, Fitzroy. The Winter's Tale: A Commentary on the Structure. New York: Routledge & Paul, 1969.    Schweickart, Patrocinio. "Reading Ourselves." Speaking of Gender. Elaine Showalter, editor.   New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1989.   

Creative Professional Identity Paper

From birth, various actions I took led me down the long and winding path to my current career as a Labor and Delivery nurse. I became a nurse because I love blood, saving lives and cheating death. I love working weekends and holidays for extra money. I love the mobility and respect that comes with being a nurse. I love all the overtime I could ever want! Some Jobs are physically demanding. Some Jobs are mentally demanding. Some are emotionally demanding. Nursing is all three. Ask any person in another career about how much they learned after they finished their education and/or graduated ND went to work.Many will tell you that they learn nothing new. As an URN, you learn something new every day you go to work because every day comes with a new set of patients, regardless of what specialty you work in. As I continue my path as a future baccalaureate nurse, I will build a stronger focus on nursing theory, communication, and leadership. I'm very good at my Job. If you are sick and need help then come to me and I will help you. If I can't help or â€Å"fix† the problem, then by George, I will find someone who ill. I especially love poking people with needles and watching that first splash of blood inside the test tube.I love the adrenaline that comes along with the rush of an emergency cesarean and the matter of minutes you have between life and death. It's exhilarating. I love seeing how the disease process works ? in obstetrical patients, in their babies. I love looking at a person and thinking, â€Å"l can't believe they survived that. † I hate fetal demises for any reason, but crying with the family that has tried In vitro retaliation four times and Is finally holding a newborn in their arms Is an extraordinary moment that simply cannot be put into words.I really love educating people. This can be the highlight of my day. I love hearing their outrageous stories of self-entitlement. It allows a plethora of communication and learning between other n urses and is a great way to bond. As a baccalaureate- prepared nurse I will have better leadership abilities and different ways to educate others as well as teach myself. I believe having a BBS will Increase communication capableness. After becoming an URN, I learned to love the special moments I shared alone with patients.Coming from an ERR where I rarely got a â€Å"thank you† too Labor and Delivery Unit where families shower nurses with flowers, cards, and gifts to show their appreciation Is a huge change. I really do enjoy being that person thanked for helping them, and appreciate being rewarded for a job well done since I put my all Into everything that I do. I enjoyed upping my Income to $ask* per year from the salary I was making at a homely mom and pop diner where I held a witnessing gig pre-nursing.Finally, nursing isn't a Job for me, it's a livelihood. It's helping that first-time Mom bond with her baby, understand the postpartum process, what breastfeeding should a nd shouldn't feel like, and when to know when something Just â€Å"Isn't right† with her baby. As a baccalaureate-prepared nurse, I will continue using evidenced-based our facility. I will reach out and suggest change when it is needed. I treat my Job with respect and dignity. I try my best to cut out the drama and get straight to the point.These moms and dads chose the facility that employs me to liver their 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 8th child ? and the goal is to make that process go as smoothly as possible. Having a baby is right up there with getting married as far as a moment in time a woman will remember for the rest of her life. I truly make a difference here, and I make an impact on their lives. I labor these women for 12 hours at a time, sometimes on consecutive days, tirelessly watching fetal heart rate monitoring strips, and will Jump on an opportunity to call the physician if the slightest thing â€Å"seems off.Our goal is always a health mom and a healthy baby. In Labor and Delivery, we care for both the mother and the fetus, â€Å"invisible† as the baby may appear, it is still the second patient. And Just like certain situations from my upbringing shaped the person I am today, I am also able to influence each new life I bring into this world by giving these babies the best chance at developing their own personal identities ? whether they decide to become policemen, doctors, hairstylists, teachers, veterinarians, accountants, or maybe Just maybe, nurses.

Polyester Manufacturing

Polyester fibers, the synthetic fibers, are long chain polymers derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum. They are formed through chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol. In this reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. These molecules are very stable and strong. There are variations in the compositions and therefore in the properties of polyester fibers. Types of Polyester The polyester fibers are generally available in two varieties- PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PCDT (poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate). PET is the most common production. It is stronger than PCDT, while PCDT has more elasticity and resilience. PET can be used alone or blended with other fabrics for making wrinkle free and stain resistant clothing that can retain its shape. PCDT is more suitable for heavier applications, such as draperies and furniture coverings. Modifications can be introduced in each of these varieties for obtaining specific properties. PET Polyester For manufacturing PET Polyester, the main raw material is ethylene derived from petroleum. It is oxidized to produce a glycol monomer dihydric alcohol which is further combined with another monomer, terephthalic acid at a high temperature in a vacuum. Polymerization, the chemical process that produces the finished polyester, is done with the help of catalysts. The colorless molten polyester then flows from a slot in a vessel on to a casting wheel and takes shape of a ribbon as it cools to hardness. The polymer thus produced is then cut into very small chips, dried to remove all moisture and blended to make it uniform for getting it ready for spinning into yarn. PCDT Polyester This variation of polyester is made by condensing terephthalic acid with 1, 4-cyclohexane-dimethanol to form poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate or the PCDT Polyester. As for PET Polyester, PCDT is processed for melt spinning. Spinning Polymer chips are melted at 500-518Â °F (260-270Â °C) to form a syrup-like solution. The molten polymer is then extruded through a spinneret and the filaments are subsequently drawn into the desired polyester fiber. Variations are introduced to obtain desired end results. Spinnerets having hole of different shapes such as round, trilobal, pentalobal, hexalobal or octalobal can be used for special effects like opacity, luster or its suppression, wicking, comfort or feel. Hollow fibers may be produced to make it lightweight and for providing greater cushioning or insulative properties. Crepe effect can be obtained through crimps. Certain additives may also be combined with the spinning solutions for specific properties. Delusterant can be added to make the fiber dull, a flame retardant may be added or Certain other antistatic substance may also be included. Drawing After extrusion from the spinneret, the fibers are drawn or elongated, with the help of godet wheels. Depending upon the desired properties, the polyester fibers are usually drawn up to five times its original length. For higher tenacity, the filaments are drawn to a greater extent. When the fibers come in contact with the air, they solidify. Usually, the PET fibers are drawn hot as it produces more uniform fibers. PCDT fibers are drawn at higher temperature due to their higher melting point. During the drawing process itself, fibers may be textured which saves time, efforts and production cost and also gives greater quality control over the finished fibers. After the polyester yarn is drawn, it is wound on large bobbins or flat-wound packages, ready to be woven into material. Types of Polyester Yarns The polyester yarns have a wide range of diameters and staple lengths. The yarns are made basically as monofilament yarns, multifilament yarns and spun yarns. Filament Yarns PET Polyester is used to make filament yarns either in monofilament or multifilament forms. The direction and amount of twists are decided by the desired end use. The properties are also pre-determined. There are various types of such yarns. There is the bright, regular tenacity polyester yarn having light, stretch and sag resistance, used for sheer lightweight fabrics like tulle, voile and organdy. The regular tenacity semi dull yarn used for various apparels including lingerie. Its more dull version is used for shirts and blouses. Polyester yarns resistant to various chemicals, and microorganisms are produced from high tenacity fibers for such industrial uses as conveyor belts, ropes and nets etc. Textured Yarns These yarns are made of PET multifilament’s. Texturizing is either done along with the drawing process or afterwards during throwing or texturizing process. Spun Yarns They are made of staple or cut PET or PCDT polyester fibers. The staple may be bright, semi dull or dull and tenacity may be regular, mid or high. It may be polished to reduce crimp and increase luster. It may either be spun alone or blended with other staple such as cotton, wool or rayon and then spun into yarn. Application of Polyester Polyester is used in manufacturing of many products, such as clothing, home furnishings, industrial fabrics, computer, recording tapes, and electrical insulation. It has several advantages over traditional fabrics as it does not absorb moisture. Its low absorbency also makes it naturally resistant to stains. Polyester clothing can be preshrunk in the finishing process. This makes it resist shrinking and it doesn't stretch out of shape. The fabric can be dyed easily, and is mildew resistant too. Textured polyester fibers are an effective, nonallergenic insulator, thus it is used for filling pillows, quilting, outerwear, and sleeping bags.

Midterm Exam Essay

The Midterm Exam questions come from Modules 1-4. You should plan to take 2 hours to complete the exam. The exam is essay. Each answer is worth 20 points for a total of 100 points. Type your responses in this document and submit to the Dropbox by Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT. (This Dropbox basket is linked to Turnitin.) To see how your responses will be graded, review the â€Å"Midterm and Final Exam Grading Rubric† in Doc Sharing. 1. A re-organization will require that some employees are provided severance packages while other reassigned. What interpersonal managerial roles developed by Mintzberg will a manager confronted with this employ? Explain. The interpersonal managerial roles that will confront a manager are figurehead, leader and liaison. The manager will be confronted by the figurehead role because he is the person that is in charge, that is representing the organization in these decisions. He will also be confronted by the liaison role because he will be interacting with his peers during and possibly after these decisions are made. Lastly he will be confronted with the leader role because he is the leader of his employees and will be required to gather the information and ultimately make the decisions. 2. A manager has decided to use the Hawthorne Studies to improve productivity in an office. How would she accomplish this? Would the results be short- or long-term? Explain. Hawthorne studies dealt with group and individual behavior in the workplace. I think that a manager can accomplish more productivity in the workplace by making job satisfaction a priority. If someone is satisfied in their job then they are more likely to be productive. A manager can make the job more satisfying by making work challenging and interesting. Simple stuff such as introducing the latest software for office tasks or having an employee challenge of who can make the most sales in a week etc. can all help. A manager can also provide a reward system for employees that do well at work. Another thing a manager can do is create a supportive work environment for employees where they can ask for help or raise concerns without fear or prejudice. I think that all these factors will raise job satisfaction and as a result reduce the turnover rate, absenteeism and create a more productive workplace. These results would be long term because old employees would stay in the job longer and n ew employees would appreciate the work environment. 3. Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman argued that, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game† (Friedman, 1962, p. 133). Do you agree with Friedman? Explain. I do not agree with Friedman. Friedman was campaigning for a capitalist society where capitalism was not wrong as long as â€Å"it stays within the rules†. For a long while this idea worked and was the American way. However this is the same idea that caused the financial meltdown. The rules Friedman was referring to was an unregulated market were profit was the driving force, profit at any cost. Loans were made and taken with no common sense, ethics or regulations. Responsibility and accountability went out the window and the economy crashed. There has to be some ethics and social responsibility involved for businesses. Businesses based in America should have a social responsibility to create a particular amount of jobs and not only take advantage of China’s cheap labor to increase profit margins. Companies can profit from things like innovation, ideas, excellence not only unethical behavior. These â€Å"rules† need to be revised for our country’s future. A capitalist society that lacks rules, regulations, ethics and social responsibility has already been proven to have only short term success. We need to also think about the future. 4. Please evaluate this scenario by detailing what the manager would do for each step in the decision-making process. i) Two employees are blaming each other for a project they collaborated on which failed. ii) The department’s last three hirers all quit within six months. The decision making process entails the identification of a problem, identification of decision criteria, allocation of weights to criteria, development of alternatives, analysis of alternatives, selection of an alternative, implementation of the alternative evaluation of decision effectiveness. i) The first step in problem 1 would require the manager to find out why the project failed then maybe he can identify who if anyone was at fault. The second step would be to figure out the criteria that are relevant to their decisions such as whether enough research was done, was the planning done poorly etc. The third step would be to rate or put a weight to each factor found in step two as to their importance in the final decision e.g. not enough research 5, poor planning 4. The fourth step is to list the alternatives that could succeed in resolving the problem, like 1st alternative termination, second alternative training course, third etc. The fifth step would be to analyze each alternative in step four weighing up the pros and cons of each potential alternative like would termination be a benefit or liability to the company. The sixth step is choosing the best alternative after they have each been evaluated. The seventh step in the implementation of each decision, this is where the decision would be conveyed to the two employees. The eighth and final step is an evaluation to see whether if implementation of the decision took care of the problem, e.g. would projects be successful in the future. ii) The first step would be to indentify why the workers all quit within that particular time frame. The second step would be figure out a decision criteria, e.g. need for more staff, need a new office building etc. The third step would be to allocate weight to each of the criteria’s in step two e.g. five be the highest and one be the lowest, need for more staff rated at 5 would have the better weight than a new office building rated at a three. The fourth step would be to list all the alternatives better work environment, incentives etc. The fifth step would be to analyze every alternative. The sixth step would be to choose the best alternative. Step seven would be the implementation of the alternative and step eight would be an evaluation of if the alternative fixed the problem. 5. Competition with China has eviscerated many American industries, how can women’s clothing companies compete? Car companies? Please use Michael Porter competitive advantage categories: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and niche in your answer. Explain. I believe that American car companies can compete by implementing all three competitive strategies. American car companies can utilize a cost leadership strategy, a differentiation strategy and also a focus strategy. I think that American companies can utilize the cost leadership strategy by reducing overhead expenses and translating some of those savings into the final price of the cars. Another portion of those savings can be used towards innovation or inventing something that gives American companies an advantage such as a more powerful engine, better handling etc. One of the things that really shocked me during the financial collapse was how much the CEO and board members of these car companies were making. American car companies can also use a differentiation strategy to become competitive. American car companies can utilize every sub category under differentiation strategy such as innovation, better customer service at its dealerships, innovative designs, technological capabilities etc. A differentiation strategy coupled with a cost leadership strategy would make American car companies competitive. The last competitive strategy is a focus strategy. This is where these car companies focus on one segment. A segment can be a geographical location, customer type etc. I think a focus strategy can help these companies market their cars to specific demographics, different financial classes, different countries etc. With a differentiation implementation of maybe new innovation or technology and better customer service at their dealerships along with focus strategies then maybe American car companies can change the way that people perceive them and become more competitive in the car industry. I think that all American companies can utilize the three different competitive strategies. One of these strategies would impact more than another depending on different factors such as the type of company, the size, location etc. Women’s clothing can also benefit. To me it would depend on the size of the women clothing company. If it were something that’s available only within the United States then I would focus less on a focus strategy as women’s clothing is already focused towards women. A cost leadership strategy can always be helpful to become competitive by reducing overheads etc. A differentiation strategy can also be implemented but again I think that this will depend on the size of the clothing company and it’s goals.

My motivation Essay

My motivation to attend a Historically Black College or University has a lot to do with black history but not for the most common reasons. For me to be able to properly express my sentiments in making this selection, I would like to begin by speaking of my experience as a black woman and the experience of being black in America. This, I feel, is the only way that I can clearly explain my decision to attend a Historically Black College or University. In the very beginning of this nation’s history, Americans were under the power of England’s monarchy. The Americans were able to overthrow the shackles of bondage and created a Constitution that declares its steadfast belief in the ideals of freedom, equality and the pursuit of happiness. But immediately after the Declaration of Independence and even after the Constitution was signed and accepted by leaders of the new government, not every American citizen is treated fairly. This led to the development of several plans that were aimed at making things equal. Among which, affirmative action was praised and pilloried as the answer to racial inequality. First introduced by President Kennedy in 1961, â€Å"Affirmative action† was designed as a method of reducing the discrimination that had remained despite the civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. It was a method that was put in place as a â€Å"Temporary Measure to Level the Playing Field† through the offering of the same opportunities to all Americans. While the â€Å"Affirmative Action† plan was intended to have good effects, it resulted in exposing the flaws in the system as â€Å"Reverse Racism† began to emerge and the â€Å"Bakke† case came about where a white male was rejected two years in a row in favor of admitting other minorities through a quota system. This â€Å"Reverse Racism† and other flaws led to a mounting anger against â€Å"Affirmative Action† and soon it became a Zero Sum Game as jobs and opportunities became open to minorities but not to whites. During this period, â€Å"Preferential treatment† and â€Å"quotas† became expressions of contempt. This is where my drive to apply at this Historically Black College or University comes from because I am a firm believer in the progress that has been made to address this situation. The recent victory of Barack Obama in the United States Presidential Election of 2008 is one of the biggest issues among many other big events that have occurred in America this year. This year’s election was even more controversial because of the racial issue, which they barely, if at all, had in previous elections. During the course of the campaigns, other candidates may have mentioned the racial difficulties in their speech or public pledge, but no candidate ever represented him-self as a minority. The United States, I am proud to admit, has begun the long process of change. The idea of having a Black President was unthinkable and unimaginable ten years ago. Yet, it must be pointed out that it was only achievable because America is blended by multi-ethnicity, which means America is like a melting pot, where all different races and cultures are mixed in one particular land, often called â€Å"a country of immigrants†. Many other countries aside from than the United States were and still likely to deny minorities as their presidents. This recent success is a clear sign that Obama’s successful run for president has broken through the ‘last racial barrier’. America no longer has to be rudely awakened by the Civil Rights Movement to realize that there is still much work to be done with regards to racism in this country. When Martin Luther King, Jr. died, the nation was ready for a major change. Ending segregation in the South and improving the status of the Negro race is now the correct thing to do. The victory of Barack Obama sends a message of change that resounds with all the voters; it speaks of change and opportunity for all those who had none and all those who have none. It is this same message of change that has prompted me to embrace my country for taking steps in initiating this change. These Historically Black Colleges and Universities have been trying to change this trend since their inception and I feel that it is my duty to be a part of that proud history and continue the message of change by pushing back the barriers. As the United States continues to grow in population size, the impact that the minorities have on the future of America will no longer be a minor one, to say the least. Without any effective action, these minorities will not be able to take advantage of the opportunities that America has to offer. Affirmative action was supposed to be the future of a great America. An America as envisioned by the forefathers who declared that no person shall be denied the right to life, liberty or property just on the basis of the color of his skin. Any effective action, such as taking an active role by applying to Historically Black Colleges and Universities, with regard to improving society should not be about segregating people or creating a different class. It should instead focus on creating opportunities for those who have none and building relationships that will ensure that America can remains as the great country that it has been and is for ages to come. It is said that the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. I am one of those individuals who firmly believe in my dreams and am not afraid to work hard to attain them. I know that I have a long road to travel but I am neither daunted nor intimidated by this because I know that I can succeed. I am also confident in the fact that with the experiences that I can gain from this university there is so much more that I can accomplish in life and I look forward to the day that this dream becomes a reality.

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource - Essay Example He is an authority on the matters of career development programmes. The other researcher namely Veerle Brenninkmeijer is the assistant professor at Utrecht University. She works in the department of social and Organizational Psychology. She has worked on the aspects of social comparison and burnout of employees. Wilmar B. Schaufeli is also the full professor of work and organizational psychology at the Utrecht University. The university is located in Netherlands. Mr. Schaufeli is also the visiting professor at the Loughborough Business School in the United Kingdom. He also works as a part time organization consultant. Roland W. B. Blonk got his education in the subject of Clinical Philosophy in the University of Amsterdam. Mr. Blonk has a doctorate on the treatment of outcome studies. He also holds a special chair at the Utrecht University on two different research papers. The article has been published as an online article in the 2014 Under Human resource management in Wiley periodi cals incorporated. Thus the article can be said to be a recent article in this field (Akkermans, Brenninkmeijer, Schaufeli, and Blonk, 2014). The article is based on the investigation into the effectiveness of careerSkills program which is a career development innovation that is based on the career competencies and Jobs methodology. The aim of the new program that has been developed is to stimulate career self-management and well being of the new employees in an organization. The researchers tasted the effectives of the program by testing the program on a homogeneous group of people. The career development of the individuals was studied by the researchers and the effectiveness of the career development programs specially the program that was tested by the researchers. The article that is given here shows the result of the research by the researchers in the field. The article in the online source is given with the analysis of the research in the field on the training and

The nature of leadership Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The nature of leadership - Dissertation Example The optimism character and the confidence help to attain goals for the leader and develop the skills and expertise in his behaviour. The leader need to understand the attribution of the followers and motivate them and allocate resources to accomplish a goal by designing formal structures and systems. Mutual involvement and with trust and co-operation with the members are an essential element the leader should take care of to support the values of the fellow members. Without followers there are no leaders. What is known about followers? The followers are the makers of the leader. Leaders influence a group but it’s the followers who help to reach the goal through their skills and efforts. The training and development attribute along with the vision of the leader clubbed with the followers’ skills completes the causal chain of effect. Figure 1: Causal Chain of effects from two types of leaders’ behaviour (Source: Yukl, 2007, p. 27) The leaders enhance the skills and confidence of the people and attract them to follow in his own ideologies. The followers are needed to be trustworthy towards the leader and should be committed towards the work assigned to them. The people working under should be satisfied with their job and with the leader for an efficient implication of the assigned task in accordance with environment and external dependencies. Reference Yukl, G.

Social Policy and Personal Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Policy and Personal Lives - Essay Example We will also explore different ways in which this affects the way both qualitative research is conducted and the ways it has affect personal lives and social policy In order to attempt to make social sciences a 'pure science', sociologists previously gathered data only in the form of quantitative methods. This was primarily to avoid empirical problems involving the lack of 'hard' evidence, but it removed one vital aspect of social studies that essentially set it apart from other sciences: the personal element. Indeed, deductive methods are less refutable but they do not involve the individual and certainly do not entertain the idea of the spiritual or mental differences between two people. Over time, both qualitative and quantitative research have been melded into an interdisciplinary approach to social research but this depends on the type of research, the problem/issue to be dealt with and the question one wishes to answer. How research is conducted depends on the nature of the reality one wishes to study, the knowledge we have about that reality and then the way that knowledge is organized. In other words the ontology, epistemology and metho dology of social research refers to the various sectors of sociological information we have. With regards to social policy and personal lives, quantitative research will tell us very little about the way we perceive our surroundings, but qualitative research is focused on the individual for whom that very society is constructed. Social policies such as welfare systems and educational institutions are built around the specific social group and while it is well known that generalizations about society are often made, qualitative research seeks to verify certain realities. The research essentially grants the scientist the viewpoint 'from the horse's mouth'. For example, what people think about legal systems can be postulated around ones own opinion, but it is only when others are asked that this hypothesis can be true or not. One can always assume that people work for instance in the Care-giving industry because they enjoy it or because they feel a moral obligation to do so, but by asking the recipient themselves a clearer picture is given. That Care work is relegated to those with more compassion than other, may necessarily be assumption, but the relationship between personal lives and this form of social policy cannot be removed. This is because Care work is based on the individual and not the collectivity. Therefore care-workers are often spit into formal and informal (Fink, 2004: 5). This basically splits the category into those that volunteer and those that are paid. Over time there has unfortunately been a great deal of dissention regarding abuse of these positions in cases of potential sexual molestation and physical abuse (Fink, 2004: 11). This meant that prejudices were in place regarding the use of male 'carers' in female homes. Again this problem arose due in part to misconceptions surrounding what men are supposed to be. The biological approaches to sociology often put men across as being the breadwinner who has to go out and kill the beast for meals and then come home and procreate in order to maintain the population and the spread of their seed. This Darwinian hypothesis was proved only

Political Belonging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Political Belonging - Essay Example Through his work based on the sphere of Justice, Michael Wlazer provides that the essence of a given idea regarding social justice is to define spheres of distribution of a particular social good This creates a sense of distribution of certain sphere where its respective criteria of distribution does not influence the distribution of others from different spheres (Walzer, 1983, pp 20). This is a pull factor for migration of people. Subsequently, no existence of social goods will prevail as a monopolistic aspect that could otherwise trigger unnecessary social dominance. Migration trends and types is central to the organization of the social-political situation of different countries for instance, the European states have been projecting on a managed migrants policies where they allow migrants to enter their territories and settle given that they fulfill certain conditions and ways of belongings. The international rights of migrants regime has been presented as a discourse as opposed t o effective practical engagement. This results into a situation of cross-cutting violations of human rights. Indeed, human rights asserted on behalf of humanity ought to be guaranteed by the responsible authoritative political unit (Walzer, 1983, pp 62). This implies that the political body should identify with the strangers through acquittal with their rights and privileges. The advances that have been made with regard to human rights must be comprehended via a historical perspective relative to specific incidences in history.

Marion Kaplans Between Dignity and Despair Essay

Marion Kaplans Between Dignity and Despair - Essay Example Above all, Marion A Kaplan has been able to demonstrate as to how the overall family experiences transformed due to marginalization and restrictions imposed on Jewish community. This book is academically critical as it narrates the story of common Jews who were part of the community before the rise of Hitler to the power. Marion A Kaplan offered a detailed account of changes in the social attitudes of common Germans when Hitler assumed the power. Marion attempted to illustrate the historical account of how ordinary Jews suffered during the period immediately preceding the war. She has specially been able to portray the experiences of women and how the family experiences changed during that era. Marion is known for her work on the feminist movement and extensive work on detailing the day to day lives of Jews during Imperial Germany. She has been able to combine the history of ordinary Jews with that of the gender studies with focus on women. The theme of this book is to present the Jewish history from the point of view of individuals- women specially and is based upon an extensive account of personal memoirs as well as testimonies of women who lived during that era. There has been extensive historical coverage of how the Jews survived under these conditions however; Marion’s account is more rigorous as it offered a unique and different perspective to this historical period. Until this work, Jewish history was not seen particularly from this perspective and thus this book is significant milestone towards contributing the academic literature on this subject. Marion has been able to demonstrate as to how the psychological, social as well as physical isolation of the German Jews further deteriorated their spirit and marginalized them in same society where they were considered as equal citizens. The use of legislations to actually undermine the social, economic as well as legal standing of the Jews in the country was widely used against them. These actions

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism may either be a deliberate action or unintentional. According to Plagiarism.org, actions that qualify as plagiarism include submitting other peoples views pretending they are your own views, duplicating other peoples ideas or research without acknowledging their contributions, improper citations which include citing false references, and duplicating the organization of words in a sentences without acknowledging the origin. It is worth noting that plagiarism can be averted through acknowledging the fact that the ideas, views, or sentence organization originated from a particular source (Plagiarism.org). There are a number of ways through which plagiarism can be averted. The secret to writing a plagiarism free essay or research paper is writing everything in owns words. Subsequently, other peoples views ought to be properly referenced of cited. In case one is not conversant with the various citation styles, it would be of significance to seek the help of the teacher or lecturer (Plagiarism.org). Plagiarism.org also asserts that initial preparations prior to the commencement of writing an essay or research paper is important in avoiding plagiarism. Coming up with a succinct sketch out or summary of ideas helps set a benchmark in regard to ideas to be retrieved from other peoples works and own ideas. It is of significance to assert that a writer ought to clearly separate his or her own ideas from those retrieved from other peoples works. However, it is also important to reword other peoples ideas so that a paper can appear original. Cited sources should be from well acclaimed researchers or sources in text citations should include the author of the book of source, year of publication, and page numbers depending on the citation style used. In definition, a citation is referred to as a method or technique used to notify those

Emergency room overcrowding Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency room overcrowding - Thesis Example he research will involve the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data with an aim of determining the gravity of the matter, its impacts on service delivery, and to determine the best possible way to tackle this problem. Overcrowding of public and private facilities in different locations and regions is not an uncommon phenomenon. Unfortunately, when people overcrowd a facility or place, several negative things may happen. Some diseases, for one, are easily spread from one individual to the other through the air. Yet again, overcrowding in many cases leads to inefficiency and those who are charged with the duty of providing service may be hampered in their bid to provide their vital services as noted by Gupta, Sharma and Wickramasinghe (2005). Yet again, overcrowding may present vital opportunity to ill minded individuals to engage in certain unethical activities including pick pocketing as noted by Miller (2010). Hospitals being places that are visited mainly by people from various diverse backgrounds have not been exempted from experiencing problems related to overcrowding. In fact, the last couple of years have seen more emergency rooms facing overcrowding. This has led to health experts ringing an alarm over the risks that people expose themselves to due to this worrying trend. There may be many causes of overcrowding in the emergency room as noted by several experts in diverse fields. Some of these causes include higher acuity and need for more complex treatments in some hospitals, rising number of older patients, the existence of fewer healthcare facilities and rising need for emergency cases according to the Joint Commission Resources (2004). While a number of studies have been conducted with respect to hospitals and emergency rooms, very few have been conducted with an aim of addressing the problem of crowding. There are several causes of emergency room overcrowding most of which can be significantly eliminated through the realignment and

The Country I Live in Essay Example for Free

The Country I Live in Essay I living in Russia, love our country and is proud of it. The official name of our country is The Republic of the Russian Federation there are 21 republics and 65 other regions in the Russian Federation. The key symbol of Russia is the troika. The Nation government of Russia consist of the President, the Council of Ministers and Federal Assembly. There are two houses in the Federal Assembly: The Federal Council and the State Duma. The population of Russia is about 145000000. The ecological situation in Russia is not very safe. Pollution in some industrial towns is high. Some parts of western Russia were badly influenced by the radiation from Chernobyl in 1986. Russia is located in Northern hemisphere, in the north of continent Eurasia. She is washed by waters of Silent and Arctic oceans, and also Baltic, Black, Azov by the seas of Atlantic ocean and Caspian sea, More than 70 % of territory of Russia are occupied by plains and lowlands. In the south of the European part northern ridges of the Big caucasus (here there is the highest top of Russia Elbrus, 5 642) In Russia more than 120 thousand rivers and about 2 million lakes. The largest rivers: the Cupid, Lena, Yenisei, Irtysh, Ob, Volga, Kama; the largest lakes Caspian seas, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega. Position of Russia in northern part of Eurasia has caused her placing in Arctic, subarctic, moderated and partially in subtropical climatic belts. The prevailing part of territory is located in a moderate belt. A variety of a climate depends also on features of a relief and affinity or remoteness of ocean. Woods occupy over 40 % of territory. In territory of Russia there is a fifth part of all woods of the world and half of world coniferous woods. The fauna is various here live both polar bears, and walruses, both tigers, and leopards, etc. In Russia 35 national parks and 84 reserves are located. Unique in the country the natural park which is in city boundaries — Omsk  «the Birds harbour ». Moscow the capital of Russia and one of the worlds great cities. Yuri Dolgoruky founds Moscow in 1147. Today Moscow is the political centre of Russia, the countys leading city in population, industry and in culture importance. Moscow is definitely a city of contrasts. So rich in many ways, yet in other ways, quite poor. Moscow stands on the Moskva River in the centre of vast plain of European Russia. The climate is continental. Moscow is the largest industrial centre of Russia. The most important industries are those producing automobiles and trucks, machine tools, radio and television sets. The most important element in Moscows city transport is the metro subway. The system was began in 1935 and still developing. Some of the stations, especially the older ones, are highly decorate with marble, statues and mosaics. Moscow is a city where a lot can be seen and much can be done. You can seen: Red Square, St. Basils Cathedral, The Momunent to Minin and Pozharsky, Lobnoye Metro, The Spasskay Tower, The Lenin Mausoleum, The State History Museum, The State Department Store (GUM) and many other places. Moscow has numerous theaters, headed by the State Academic Bolshoi Theatre, which was founded in 1825. The citys principal drama theatre is the Moscow Art Theatre. Also of the worldwide fame are the State Central Puppet Theatre and Moscow State Circus. Moscow has some museums and art galleries of international rank. Among them are the State Pushkin of Fine Arts, with a fine international collection, and the State Tretyakov Gallery with an excellent collection of Russian paintings. Moscow is one of the cities of the world that must be seen. Russia has produced a great number of very creative and talented people, for example: Alexander Pushkin, Peter Tchaikovsky, Isaac Levitan, Georgy Zhykov, Yuti Gagarin, Andrei Sakharov, Boris Godunov, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Putin and e.t.c. Theatrical performances, museums and picture galleries in fact all aspects of Russian live prove that. The Russians are much interested it the rest of the world. Russian people are very hospitable, hardworking, friendly, open, honest, generous, kind, sometimes sentimental, sometimes careless, often unsmiling, having bold manners, sometimes lazy and selfish. Russian love animals, especially dogs and horses. Russian cultural level is quite high, Russian people like to read books, to visit theaters, museums and different concerts. We are the nation of sport lovers because our people like different kinds of sports and spend a lot of time going in for sport or just watching it. Many Russian are religious people. The main church is the Russian Orthodox Church. It has survived the hard times and now people speak about a rebirth of religion in the country. Russian keep our traditions because there are lots of traditions which have been maintained from ancient time. Russian national holidays — the holidays of Russian people connected with widespread national traditions of their carrying out. New year (in the night from December, 31st for January, 1st). It is accepted to decorate a premise the decorated New Year tree or branches. At midnight for January, 1st the congratulation of the head of the state and peal of bells obeys. On a table it is accepted to submit, among other, a Russian salad and champagne. To children give gifts (from Father Frost). According to sociological polls, it is the most celebrated holiday. Christmas (on January, 7th on new style and on December, 25th on Ã'ŽÐ »Ã ¸Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' to a calendar) — an orthodox holiday. At night before Christmas it is accepted to guess that was never approved by orthodox church. The holiday is marked by a solemn celebratory supper. The tradition to mark Christmas is officially restored in Post-Soviet Russia. Day of the defender of Fatherland (on February, 23rd) — widely celebrated mans holiday established at the Soviet power, and in Post-Soviet Russia become in the day off. Women congratulate men and give them gifts. Congratulations are accepted also by women-military men, and also participants of wars. The international womens day (on March, 8th) — female holiday officially established still at the Soviet power became in public marked. Men congratulate women, give them flowers and gifts. Maslenitsa (Pancake week) — week before the Lent. Has ancient pagan roots. During all week bake and eat pancakes. Easter — an orthodox holiday. Celebratory meal — Easter (cottage cheese with candied fruits), Easter cakes, coloured in red colour and welded eggs. Victory Day over Hitlerite Germany (on May, 9th) — an official All-Russia holiday. It is accepted to visit burial places of the soldiers who were lost during the Second World War, and to remember the fallen. Veterans put on awards and medals and accept congratulations. This day on Red Square military parade is spent. Celebratory actions last years are decorated by yellow-black Guards tapes. Day of national unity (on November, 4th). A Victory Day of Russian over the Polish invaders in 1612. This day across all Russia Russian nationalists spend Russian march. The greatest love of Russia is for tea – its drunk without milk and often served with homemade jam (varene), baranki and pirozhki. The mail dishes of the traditional menu are blini (homemade pancakes) with caviar, honey or sour crà ¨me; different soups (like shci and borshch), pirozhki, pelmyeni. Usually tourists buy traditional Russian souvenirs such as Martyoshka dolls, beautifully painted mugs, plates and spoons from the village of Khokhloma and Palekh boxes.

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay Example for Free

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay The capsule is the most popular form of taking medicines as these are easy to swallow. Capsules have a symbolic significance as well as these represent strength. Thus patients perceive a dual advantage of convenience and a psychological boost of taking a potent medicine.   The tamper resistant packing was introduced by Johnson and Johnson in November 1982 within a few months of the initial crisis. This followed standards laid down in regulations by the Food and Drug Administration. The packing was considered very sturdy and difficult to be tampered with. These had glued flaps on the outer box which had to be forcibly opened and a tight plastic seal surrounded the cap inside with an inner foil which wrapped the mouth of the bottle. It also had a label which warned customers not to use if safety seal was broken. Thus at that time perhaps Johnson and Johnson was justified in introducing the capsules in tamper proof packing. This made sound business sense as it implied that only the packing had to be manufactured, while the capsule could be continued in its original form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However this decision of the company proved to be short sighted as in 1986, a second incident of tampering of the same drug occurred. While this was immediately controlled, it was evident that capsule was not the safest form for a mass consumed drug as Tylenol as the seals could be apparently opened and refixed after the capsule was tampered with. Finally the company discontinued the sale of the drug in capsule form and the caplet form was introduced.[1] Thus it is felt that in the long run the decision of Johnson and Johnson to market the capsules in tamper proof packing as opposed to developing the caplets was not ethically in order. The company could well have waited to develop the caplet and avoided the ignominy of another blow to its brand which could survive only due to its goodwill with the masses. [1] http://www.jnj.com/contact_us/info_for_students/index.htm#question03

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay This report is aimed at producing an effective project plan to British Airport Authority (BAA) using Heathrow terminal 5 as a case study. The methodology used in this project is the problem solving approach where a major problem is identified, the possible solution to the problem is analysed and the best solution for the implementation of the project is recommended. In producing this plan, a major problem of airport congestion was identified and an option appraisal was carried using the SWOT tool to determine whether the proposed project plan was worth doing, the projects scope, definitions and deliverables were clearly stated. Some assumption, considerations and constraints had to be made to assist the project team consulted for this project in understanding and delivering the plan effectively. The projects critical factors, measurable targets dependencies and resource requirements were outlined in this report. Also a detailed cost estimate was done for the allocated budget. Microsoft project package was used to prepare and produce a Gantt chart including a work breakdown structure for each task identifying the major milestones. A communication and risk plan is also included in this report to ensure a smooth implementation of the project plan. Finally this report recommends time duration for the project and a sustainability framework. INTRODUCTION This is a detailed report based on the project plan presentation made by group 5 project consultants to British Airport Authority (BAA) on the 14th of December 2009. The problem solving approach was used in this project plan using BAA terminal 5 as a case study. This report identifies and addresses the problem of passenger and airline congestion in Heathrows existing terminal. In order to fully understand this report, the project background and rational would be discussed in the following section. 1.1 Background Heathrow located in the London borough of Hillingdon was initially a private airport with one grass runway used to assemble and test aircrafts. During World War II, the land occupied by this private airport was acquired by the government to build a Royal Air Force (RAF) Heston Aerodrome which was an army surplus tent small grass airfield. In 1946 it was handed over to Air ministry as Londons new civil airport. Due to the closure of the old terminal on the North side by 1961, airlines either operated from the Europa terminal or the oceanic terminal which handled long haul carriers (now terminal 2 and 3 respectively). Terminal 1 was opened in 1969 by which time about 5 million passengers were passing through the airport travelling from Heathrow to and from all parts of the world (British Airport Authority 2009). The demand for air travel and increased congestion in the central area further created the need for the development of terminal 4 in 1986. As at 2006, Heathrow owned and operated by British Airports Authority (BAA) can boast of nearly 1.4 billion commuters over 14 million flights (British Airport Authority 2009). It is UKs only international network hub airport. As traffic of commuters increased Heathrow Airport is faced with an ever increasing demand for passenger facilities and capacity constraint which has lead to frequent flight delays. This need has further lead to the construction of terminal 5. Terminal 5 is said to be a passenger terminal and associated facilities that would complement Heathrows existing terminals The planning and building of a new terminal (Exciteh 2009), presents a distinctive challenge compared to the construction of any other structure. Building this new terminal would expand Heathrows capacity to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of passengers, improve the safety and security of air transport, introduce high quality facilities, and increase the status of the British airport worldwide. The new Heathrow terminal 5 would be a gateway between the UK and the world. Group 5, is a project management consultancy team based in Aberdeen. This team has been retained as project consultants by BAA to produce a project plan for the successful delivery of her terminal 5 project at its very best. This report shows explicitly all the steps and phases required to produce the final deliverable (the project plan). 1.2 Project Rationale Heathrow is synonymous with international travel and is one of the UKs most significant fiscal assets. As a two runway and four terminal airports in 2005, it is one of the worlds leading airports in terms of passenger and airline capacity. If Heathrow continues to operate within its existing limits, it is forecasted that the airport will handle 87 million passengers a year by 2015 and thereafter 90-95 million passengers a year (Heathrow airport interim master plan 2005). With such an increase in the yearly passenger travel a new terminal is inevitable. Over the years, these existing terminals could accept more traffic because of the implementation of risk reduction measures. However, the continual congestion in Heathrows terminals may reach a condition such that it cannot be said with confidence that these terminals will continue to be safe. However, since the airline industry is a peoples industry without passengers the industry will not thrive. So the objective to build a structure that would stand the test of time and serve its millions of prospective customers thereby reducing congestion cannot be over emphasized. 2.0 PROJECT BUSINESS CASE The development of a business case to all intents and purposes is to gain support, commitment and eventually approval from the top management. The Business Case depicts the reasons for undertaking for the project, based on the estimated costs of the project, the risks and the expected business benefits and savings (APM 2006). The business case highlights the justification for the project. Reports by BAA (2009) shows that Heathrow runway operates at 95% capacity compared to 75% of its major European competitors. This congestion has lead to increased delay, lower resilience and fewer destinations served. Statistics taken from the UK Parliamentary office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport council International (2008) shown in the table below portrays a rising trend in Heathrows passenger capacity from 1978 2008. Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 No. of Passengers (million) 45.4 49.2 50.4 50.7 51.1 53.7 59.4 61.6 Year 1986 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 No. of Passenger (million) 66.3 76.3 82.3 87.1 89.9 84.3 94.6 100.2 Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 No. of passengers (million) 109.2 115.6 120.7 130.7 142.2 150.9 64.61 60.74 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 No. of passengers 63.34 63.49 67.34 67.92 67.53 68.07 67.06 Figure 2.1 Average passenger capacity (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council International (2008) To further explain the table above is a graphical representation of the passenger capacity plotted against years. Figure 2.2 Graph showing increasing passenger trend (Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council international (2008)) GRAPH ANALYSIS The statistics used for this graph shows all fights into Heathrow airport for terminals 1 to 4. From year 1998 to 2000 there was quite a steady rise in the number of passengers passing through Heathrow. From year 2001 to 2009 Heathrow experienced a decline in airline and passenger capacity. This could be attributed to the global economic situation in many parts of the world and the threat to aviation from international terrorism. On the other hand with the UK economy gradually coming out of this recession there is an expected rise in the number of aviation travel. 2.1 Available options for addressing the opportunity Option Appraisal An option appraisal to determine the best means to achieve the project objectives was done. In carrying out an option appraisal, a need and a cost benefit is first carried out, then objectives are set and options are created and reviewed (Department of Treasure UK 2009). An option appraisal is a decision making technique that identifies the project objectives and explores other alternatives for attaining these objectives. It determines whether the proposal is worth doing and clearly communicates conclusions and recommendation. After a critical analysis a preferred option was taken and used in establishing this project plan. The approach for this project plan also incorporates the traditional project management concept which breaks the project into the various life cycle phases. The three major options identified for this project is as shown below; 2.2 OPTION 1 Do Nothing This option is the base option it involves not embarking on the project. If chosen it may result in undesirable and increasing risks to air passengers due to airport congestion. 2.3 OPTION 2 Expansion of the existing terminals Measures could be taken to expand current terminals including runways to accommodate the increase. However carrying out an expansion work on the existing terminals, would be quite challenging on airlines and passengers. This would require a temporal closure of some of the terminals which may lead to potential loss of customers as they would seek alternative routes. In addition, this approach may leave current structures with minimum factor of safety and do little to improve the deficiencies and congestion in current airport. 2.4 OPTION 3 Construct a new terminal In this option constructing a new terminal of the anticipated capacity would mean that the new terminal would be constructed to expand the operations of older terminals and can potentially replace them. A SWOT analysis for this option was carried out. 2.5 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a technique used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the project. This method involves specifying the project objectives and identifying the internal and external factors (Nigel and William 2002) that could stop or improve the success of those objectives. The environmental factors internal to the firm are classified as strength and weakness while the external factors are classified as opportunities and threats. These terms are further explained below: Strengths Strengths could either be a positive tangible or intangible attribute and they are usually within the organisations control. Weakness These are the areas that project needs to improve on. They can be considered as the projects fault or disadvantage that might prevent them from attaining their goals. Opportunities Opportunities propel an organisation. These factors represent the reason for the project or business to exist and develop. Opportunities are beneficial and may assists to negate threat. Threats Threats are factors beyond the organisations control which could result in project failure. The SWOT Matrix for this project is as shown in Appendix 1. Furthermore a cost estimate is also carried out to determine the preferred option 2.6 Cost Estimate 3.0 PROJECT DEFINITION James P. Lewis defined project as a onetime job that has defined starting and ending dates, a clearly specified objective, or scope to be performed, a pre-defined budget, and usually a temporary organization that is dismantled once the project is complete. For this project the objectives and scope are explained below. 3.1 Goals and Objectives Project objectives as defined by Westland (2007) are statements describing in more details what it is that the project will achieve. It is the desired outcome of the project. Unclear objectives could result in conflict when information is not adequately understood. The objectives of this project plan include the following: To supplement Heathrows other existing terminals to accommodate her increasing customer base and increase the airport current capacity by 30% BAA (2009) To reinforce Heathrows position as Europes principal intercontinental hub To provide excellent customer service and travelling experience to her highly esteemed customers 3.2 Statement of the Project Scope The project scope can be defined as the specific and overall definition of what the projects end result should accomplish (Briggs 2009). It specifies what work is included and excluded in a project perhaps defining in effect the boundaries of the project (Carmichael 2004). 3.2.1 Scope The scope of this project is as follows: An effective project plan for the successful delivery of BAAs Heathrow Terminal 5 project Recommendation of a sustainable development plan for the new terminal 3.2.2 Scope Exclusions Exclusions are done in order to avoid misunderstandings they spell out what the project wont do. The following are the exclusions considered in developing this project plan The project plan would not include the conceptual design of the project The effects of inflation on budgeted cost would not be included The project plan does not include obtaining the necessary permits and authorization documents The project plan does not include the ground rules to be adopted during the implementation of the project plan 3.3 Project Deliverables A deliverable is any unique and verifiable product, result or capability to perform a service that is identified in the project management planning documentation, and must be produced and provided to complete the project (PMBOK 2004). It can also be described as the output of the project during the project and at the end. According to PMBOK (2008) there are four generic life cycle phases for a project. However since this is a mega project, five distinct phases have been identified for efficient planning. For this project, the key deliverables are grouped into the various project life cycle phases as shown in the diagram below: Fig 3.1 Project Life cycle diagram showing the deliverables The life cycle for this project is made up of the conception, planning, execution and control, completion/handover and post project review. These phases are further explained below. Conception phase This is the birth phase of any project in which the scope of the project is defined along with the methodology for delivering project desired outputs. Planning Phase This is the phase where all the plans required to deliver the project objectives and scope is done. This phase is characterized by breaking down the project into smaller more manageable work packages. Execution/ Monitoring phase This is the implementation phase of the project where work towards direct achievement of the projects objectives and the production of the projects deliverables take place (APMBOK 2006).This phase also involves monitoring and control. This involves recording, analysing and reporting project performance and comparing it to the planned performance in order to identify and report deviations as well as develop targets and plans. Completion/Handover Phase This is the project exit phase and the formal orderly end point of a project, either because it has been completed or because it has been terminated early (PMBOK 2004). Post project Review In this phase the lessons learned are reviewed. Below is a detailed explanation of the various deliverables at each project phase, their targets, dependencies and resource requirements. Description of Deliverables Project phase Deliverable Brief Description, targets, dependency and resource requirement Conception Business case This is a document that describes the project justification Target: Approval of top management Dependency:Project objective Resource Requirement:Project client or sponsor Project Initiation document (PID) Project initiation document is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It defines the authority of the project manager and roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders. Target: Dependency: Resource requirement:project manager Planning Responsibility matrix It is a tool used to assign tasks relating to each project activity in the Work breakdown structure. It indicates clearly the role and responsibility of each project player Target:roles and responsibility of project players Dependency:work breakdown structure Resource requirement: Project manger Work breakdown structure (WBS) It is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into smaller elements or deliverables called work packages thereby allowing for effective management and control of project scope and objectives (PMBoK 2008). Target: work packages in relation to project objectives Dependencies: Project scope and deliverables Resource requirement: Project manager and input from project team Gantt chart This is a Microsoft project tool that illustrates the project schedule. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. Target:Project schedule and project resource requirements. Dependency:Work breakdown structure Resource requirement:Project manager Risk matrix This is a plan used in assessing risk Categories their probability of occurrence and the impact on the project it also highlights controls identified to mitigate the risks. Target: Dependency:Risk assessment Resource requirement;project team Execution/ control phase Completion/ handover Certificate of practical completion (CPC) it is a certificate handed over to the project manager after the project has been completed and has been certified to meet clients and stakeholders requirement. Target:client satisfaction Dependency:Project completion Resource requirement: project owner Lessons learned it is a documentation of all lessons learned in course of executing the project and is kept for future references in order to prevent pitfalls in the execution of similar projects in future. Target;should clearly highlight lessons learned from the project. Dependencies: project completion and client satisfaction Resource requirement: Project manager 3.4 Critical Success Factors The primary objectives of any project being completed within the specified cost, time and good performance are not the only determinants of a successful project. These primary objectives can identify immediate contribution to profit (kerzner 2006) but will not identify if the project has been properly managed. These success factors can be seen as value enhancing practises (VEP). The following are some required factors that will determine the success of BAAs Heathrow terminal 5 project (HT5): Clearly established project goals and procedures Strong support and shared vision from BAAs top management Satisfaction of the various groups of stakeholders with minimum or mutually agreed upon scope changes. The contracting strategy employed would enable suppliers focus on delivery Excellent teamwork and good communication among key players to align and convey objectives The use of standard project management methodologies, tools and techniques. For example monitoring and change management practices should be employed to identify and resolve problems early Availability of technological expertise and equipment 3.5 Critical Project Barriers Unlike risks, critical project barriers are overwhelming issues that can be critical to a projects plan. Should any of these events occur the project plan would become invalid. In this project, the following are possible critical barriers: Removal of project funding Occurrence of force majeure e.g. natural disasters or acts of war 4.0 PROJECT CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS According to APM Body of knowledge (2006), constraints are issues that could cause a delay or restrictions that would affect the project; considerations are the key elements required to have a binding contract; and assumptions are statements that will be taken for granted as fact and upon which the project business case will be justified. 4.1 Constraints In an airport environment, height limitations are placed to avoid interference with the airport radar systems and this could affect the project team during construction. Logistics challenge due to condensed site area. Ecological constraints and the landscape of the area to support such a project Permit, licensing or consent approvals could take a long time to be obtained considering the sensitive nature of this project Health and safety of the project team and locals during and after construction due to pollution Legal requirements of the construction regulation and environmental act 4.2 Considerations There could be potential changes to the structure in future so provision would be made available for that in the project design. Satisfaction of the projects large and diverse group of stake holders. 4.3 Assumptions BAA the project sponsor and client will accept the project plan offered by this consultant team All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan All necessary approvals have been obtained The time frame for the project is 10 years Management will ensure that the project team is available as at when required to complete project tasks. All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this plan The required resources are available, and the estimated budget would be adequate for the project Inflation would be constant throughout the period of the project 5.0 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN A project development plan defines the phases that connect the beginning of a project to its end (PMBOK 2004). Because projects have a beginning and an end, there is a logical sequence of activities or tasks to accomplish projects objectives. This sequence of activities leads to the Work Breakdown Structure 5.1 Work Breakdown Structure Work breakdown structure is defined as a way in which a project may be divided by level into discrete groups for programming, cost planning and control purposes (APMBOK 2006). It acts as a control and monitoring tool in any project and also shows full clarity and understanding of the project scope. The work breakdown structure for this project is shown in appendix 2. 5.2 Gantt Chart The Gantt chart is used in scheduling the work breakdown structure. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. It is a type of bar chart used to represent when activities are being carried out or when resources are required. It uses time lines and other symbols to illustrate multiple time-based activities of a project on a horizontal time scale (Carmichael 2004). The Gantt chart for this project is as shown in appendix 3 6.0 Project Organisation and Management Project organizational structure clarifies the makeup of the project board and teams. It identifies the roles and responsibility of the various stakeholders involved in the project. Lock (2007) defined stakeholders as the people and organizations who affect, or will be affected by the project. Stakeholders can be grouped into primary and secondary stakeholders. The principal/primary stakeholders stand to make profit or loss from the project while the secondary stakeholders are non profit making stakeholders. The following are the stakeholders for the HT5 project. Primary Stakeholders Her Majesties Government British Airport Authority (BAA) British Airways (BA) Local Authorities Major contractors Suppliers Project managers Project team Secondary Stakeholders Sub-contractors Local communities Non-Governmental Organisations Employees of Heathrow airport Regulatory Authorities Customers 6.1 Project Structure The diagram shown in Appendix 4 depicts the project organisation structure. 6.2 Roles and Responsibilities Roles and responsibilities needs to be clearly defined among the project team to avoid conflict. The responsibility charts clarifies the duties of each persons involved in the project .The roles and responsibilities table for this project is as shown in Appendix 5. 6.3 Project Approach/Methodology The methodology for managing the implementation of this project plan for BAA Heathrow terminal 5 is the problem-oriented approach. With this approach, a major problem is identified, the cause and the possible solution to the problem and finally a best solution for implementation recommended. For this project, the problem identified was the congestion of passengers and airline capacity constrain which lead to the decision to construct a new terminal in Heathrow. 6.4 Project Controls Lewis (2001) described project control to be the process of comparing where you are and where you are supposed to be so that corrective action can be taken when there is a deviation from target The project manager will monitor and control the project on a daily basis ensuring that issues are properly resolved. The steering committee shall meet at the completion of each milestone as indicated on the Gantt chart, to ensure that no previous issues are carried over and that quality has not been compromised in any form. 6.5 Project Communication In any successful project, there must be a continuous need for communication to issue directives, solve problems, make decisions, resolve conflicts and keep everyone supplied with the required information (Burke 2003). According to Westland (2007) the communication plan identifies the type of information to be distributed to stakeholders (what), the methods of distributing the information (How), the frequency of the distribution (when) and the responsibilities of each person in the project team for distributing the information (who). For this project, the communication plan as shown in appendix 6 is divided into the external and internal communication for the following stakeholders: Project sponsor Project team Steering committee Local community General public 7.0 Project Risk Management Project risk is defined as the cumulative effect of the chances of uncertain occurrences which will adversely affect project objectives. It is the degree of exposure to negative events and their probable consequences. Project risk is characterized by three factors: risk event, risk probability and the amount at stake (PMBOK 2004) Project risk management is a structured process that allows individual risk events and overall project risk to be understood and managed proactively, optimising project success by minimising threats and maximising opportunities (APMBOK 2006). In order words risk management is an approach of identifying, assessing and controlling risk that occurred during the project life cycle 7.1 Project Risk Assessment Issues of risk (uncertainties) cannot be over emphasized. It must be properly identified, analysed and mitigated. The political, technical, financial, environmental and sociological aspects are the key factors that were considered during the risk assessment. For this project, the probabilities of risks occurrence were classified as: 1 Almost impossible to occur 2 Slight tendency of occurrence 3 Likelihood of occurrence 4 Expected possibility of occurrence 5 Extreme possibility of occurrence And the risks impacts were classified as:   1 Little or no impact and work will continue 2 Slight impact but work will continue 3 Limited Impact but could slow down activity and extend completion date 4 Significant impact and could result in the project standstill 5 Massive impact and could result in termination of project The risk breakdown structure and risk identification mapping for this project is as shown in Appendix 7 and 8 respectively. 7.2 Risk Mitigation and Control The process of lowering the probability of a risk occurrence or reducing its effect or impact should it occur in a project is project risk mitigation and control. To be able to mitigate and control risk, we classified the resulting risk indices into three categories using the colour coding as shown below: Colour Coding Red: High Risk (18 25) Yellow: Medium Risk (11 16) Green: Low Risk (1 10) For this project, the risk assessment matrix is as shown in Appendix 9 8.0 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BAAs sustainability development policy sets a context for improving its environmental performance. This recommendation will look at the following: noise, air, water and the building. AIR Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of the UKs carbon emissions. It currently represents 6.4 % of the UKs CO2 emissions or 13% of the total climate change. For an important and massive project like the Terminal 5, the following should be considered; Air quality should be weighted on the overall balance of costs and benefits An elaborate air quality computer modelling should be done around major vicinity where the Terminal will be located and around the local areas. Pollutants to model should include but not limited to NO2, PM10 ,Ozone and CO2 The benefit of another runway will surely be of great benefit to the UK Government as facts below states; Benefit to the UK economy of mixed mode at Heathrow is  £2.5 bill